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involves evaluating, diagnosing, and treating behaviors that are abnormal, undesirable, or indicative of an underlying medical condition.

The study of animal behavior and veterinary science are deeply interconnected. By understanding animal behavior, veterinarians and animal care professionals can: When an animal experiences fear (e

The field continues to evolve with advancements in technology, genetics, and pharmacology. They show pain, metabolic changes, or neurological decline

When an animal experiences fear (e.g., during a loud, chaotic vet visit), the adrenal glands release cortisol. In short bursts, this is adaptive. However, for a hospitalized patient or a chronically anxious pet, sustained high cortisol levels lead to: They show pain

Animals cannot communicate their discomfort verbally. They show pain, metabolic changes, or neurological decline through altered actions.

Are there any you want to focus more heavily on? (e.g., exotic pets, horses, marine life)