Focused content that skips unnecessary filler.
Techniques like parity checks, checksums, and Cyclic Redundancy Check (CRC) to ensure data integrity during transmission. Focused content that skips unnecessary filler
The physical layout of the network, such as Mesh , Star , Bus , and Ring . COMPUTER NETWORKS such as Mesh
The basics of how data is represented.
: One-way communication (e.g., traditional TV broadcasting). traditional TV broadcasting).